The global, regional, and national burden of cancer, 1990–2023, with forecasts to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023
Background
Cancer is a leading cause of death globally. Accurate cancer burden information is crucial for policy planning, but many countries do not have up-to-date cancer surveillance data. To inform global cancer-control efforts, we used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 framework to generate and analyse estimates of cancer burden for 47 cancer types or groupings by age, sex, and 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2023, cancer burden attributable to selected risk factors from 1990 to 2023, and forecasted cancer burden up to 2050.
Methods
Cancer estimation in GBD 2023 used data from population-based cancer registration systems, vital registration systems, and verbal autopsies. Cancer mortality was estimated using ensemble models, with incidence informed by mortality estimates and mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Prevalence estimates were generated from modelled survival estimates, then multiplied by disability weights to estimate years lived with disability (YLDs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were estimated by multiplying age-specific cancer deaths by the GBD standard life expectancy at the age of death. Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were calculated as the sum of YLLs and YLDs. We used the GBD 2023 comparative risk assessment framework to estimate cancer burden attributable to 44 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. To forecast cancer burden from 2024 to 2050, we used the GBD 2023 forecasting framework, which included forecasts of relevant risk factor exposures and used Socio-demographic Index as a covariate for forecasting the proportion of each cancer not affected by these risk factors. Progress towards the UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target 3.4 aim to reduce non-communicable disease mortality by a third between 2015 and 2030 was estimated for cancer.
Findings
In 2023, excluding non-melanoma skin cancers, there were 18·5 million (95% uncertainty interval 16·4 to 20·7) incident cases of cancer and 10·4 million (9·65 to 10·9) deaths, contributing to 271 million (255 to 285) DALYs globally. Of these, 57·9% (56·1 to 59·8) of incident cases and 65·8% (64·3 to 67·6) of cancer deaths occurred in low-income to upper-middle-income countries based on World Bank income group classifications. Cancer was the second leading cause of deaths globally in 2023 after cardiovascular diseases. There were 4·33 million (3·85 to 4·78) risk-attributable cancer deaths globally in 2023, comprising 41·7% (37·8 to 45·4) of all cancer deaths. Risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 72·3% (57·1 to 86·8) from 1990 to 2023, whereas overall global cancer deaths increased by 74·3% (62·2 to 86·2) over the same period. The reference forecasts (the most likely future) estimate that in 2050 there will be 30·5 million (22·9 to 38·9) cases and 18·6 million (15·6 to 21·5) deaths from cancer globally, 60·7% (41·9 to 80·6) and 74·5% (50·1 to 104·2) increases from 2024, respectively. These forecasted increases in deaths are greater in low-income and middle-income countries (90·6% [61·0 to 127·0]) compared with high-income countries (42·8% [28·3 to 58·6]). Most of these increases are likely due to demographic changes, as age-standardised death rates are forecast to change by –5·6% (–12·8 to 4·6) between 2024 and 2050 globally. Between 2015 and 2030, the probability of dying due to cancer between the ages of 30 years and 70 years was forecasted to have a relative decrease of 6·5% (3·2 to 10·3).
Interpretation
Cancer is a major contributor to global disease burden, with increasing numbers of cases and deaths forecasted up to 2050 and a disproportionate growth in burden in countries with scarce resources. The decline in age-standardised mortality rates from cancer is encouraging but insufficient to meet the SDG target set for 2030. Effectively and sustainably addressing cancer burden globally will require comprehensive national and international efforts that consider health systems and context in the development and implementation of cancer-control strategies across the continuum of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
Funding
Gates Foundation, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, and St Baldrick’s Foundation.
Additional Info
Authors
Force Lisa M.; Kocarnik Jonathan M.; May Miranda L.; Bhangdia Kayleigh; Crist Andrew; Penberthy Louise; Pritchett Natalie; Acheson Alistair; Deitesfeld Lee; A Bhoomadevi; Aalruz Hasan; Abbas Nasir; Abbasalipour bashash Maryam; Abd Al Magied Abdallah H. A.; Abd ElHafeez Samar; Abdalla Ashraf Nabiel; Abdalla Mohammed Altigani; Abdel-Rahman Wael M.; Abdi Parsa; Abdisa Wakgari Mosisa; Abdissa Daba; Abdollahi Arash; Abdoun Meriem; Abdous Arman; Abdullahi Auwal; Abebe Mesfin; Abedi Armita; Abidi Syed Hani; Abie Alemwork; Abiodun Olumide; Aboagye Richard Gyan; Abolhassani Hassan; Abonie Ulric Sena; Abreu Lucas Guimarães; Abubakar Aminu Kende; Abubakar Bilyaminu; Abu-Gharbieh Eman; Abukhadijah Hana J.; Aburuz Salahdein; Abu-Zaid Ahmed; Achar Raghu Ram; Acuna Juan Manuel; Adams Lisa C.; Adamu Lawan Hassan; Addo Isaac Yeboah; Adedokun Kamoru Ademola; Adegoke Nurudeen A.; Adekanmbi Victor; Adesiyan Ibukun Modupe; Adewuyi Habeeb Omoponle; Adiga Usha; Adnani Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah; Adoma Prince Owusu; Adzigbli Leticia Akua; Afifi Ahmed M.; Afolabi Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika; Afrashteh Fatemeh; Afrooghe Arya; Afzal Muhammad Sohail; Agampodi Suneth Buddhika; Aggarwal Navidha; Agide Feleke Doyore; Agostinis Sobrinho César; Agyemang-Duah Williams; Ahinkorah Bright Opoku; Ahmad Aqeel; Ahmad Danish; Ahmad Faisal; Ahmad Khurshid; Ahmad Muayyad M.; Ahmad Sajjad; Ahmad Tauseef; Ahmadi Elham; Ahmadzade Amir Mahmoud; Ahmadzade Mohadese; Ahmed Anisuddin; Ahmed Ayman; Ahmed Gasha Salih; Ahmed Ibrar; Ahmed Luai A.; Ahmed Mehrunnisha Sharif; Ahmed Meqdad Saleh; Ahmed Muktar Beshir; Ahmed Nesredin; Ahmed Syed Anees; Ajala Dolapo Emmanuel; Ajami Marjan; Akhigbe Roland Eghoghosoa; Akinosoglou Karolina; Al Awaidy Salah; Al Hamad Hanadi; Al Hasan Syed Mahfuz; Al Omari Omar; Al Qadire Mohammad; Al Thaher Yazan; Al Zaabi Omar Ali Mohammed; Alam Khurshid; Alam Zufishan; Alansari Amani; Al-Ashwal Fahmi Y.; Al-Daken Laila Ismael; Aldhaleei Wafa A.; Aleidi Shereen M.; Alemayehu Bezawit Abeje; Al-Eyadhy Ayman; Algammal Abdelazeem M.; Al-Gheethi Adel Ali Saeed; Al-Hanawi Mohammed Khaled; Alhuwail Dari; Ali Abid; Ali Endale Alemayehu; Ali Mohammad Daud; Ali Mohammed Usman; Ali Rafat; Ali Syed Shujait; Ali Waad; Alif Sheikh Mohammad; Al-Jabi Samah W.; Aljunid Syed Mohamed; Alkhatib Ahmad; Almasri Nihad A.; Al-Mekhlafi Hesham M.; Alnaeem Mohmmad Minwer; Alniss Hasan Yaser; Alocious Sukumar Margret Beaula; Alomari Mahmoud A.; Alosta Mohammad R.; Alqahtani Saleh A.; Al-Qudimat Ahmad Rajeh; Al-Raddadi Rajaa M. Mohammad; Alrawashdeh Ahmad; Alrimawi Intima; Alrousan Sahel Majed; Al-Sabah Salman Khalifah; Alshahrani Najim Z.; Altaf Awais; Al-Tammemi Alaa B.; Alvarez Elysia M.; Alvis-Guzman Nelson; Al-Worafi Yaser Mohammed; Aly Hany; Alyahya Mohammad Sharif Ibrahim; Alzoubi Abdallah; Alzoubi Karem H.; Al-Zubayer Md Akib; Aman Mohammadi Masoud; Amin Tarek Tawfik; Amindarolzarbi Alireza; Aminnia Shiva; Aminu Nafiu; Amirzade-Iranaq Mohammad Hosein; Amu Hubert; Amusa Ganiyu Adeniyi; Ancuceanu Robert; Anderlini Deanna; Anil Abhishek; Anoushiravani Amir; Ansariniya Hossein; Anuoluwa Iyadunni Adesola; Anvari Saeid; Anwar Saleha; Anwar Sumadi Lukman; Anwer Razique; Anyabolo Ekenedilichukwu Emmanuel; Anyasodor Anayochukwu Edward; Apeagyei Angela Esi; Arab Juan Pablo; Arabloo Jalal; Arabzadeh Bahri Razman; Arafa Elshaimaa A.; Arafat Mosab; Aravkin Aleksandr Y.; Arcieri Martina; Areda Demelash; Ariffin Hany; Arkew Mesay; Artamonov Anton A.; Arul Santhosh; Arumuganainar Deepavalli; Asghari-Jafarabadi Mohammad; Ashames Akram; Ashraf Muhammad Abdul Basit; Ashraf Tahira; Asiamah-Asare Bernard Kwadwo Yeboah; Asmerom Haftu Asmerom; Assembekov Batyrbek; Asthana Smita; Atorkey Prince; Atout Maha Moh'd Wahbi; Atta Julie Alaere; Ausloos Marcel; Awedew Atalel Fentahun; Awotidebe Adedapo Wasiu; Ayala Quintanilla Beatriz Paulina; Ayatollahi Haleh; Ayyoubzadeh Seyed Mohammad; Azargoonjahromi Ali; Azimi Amirali; Aziz Mohd Yusmaidie; Aziz Sadat Abdulla; Aziz Shahkaar; Azizi Hosein; Azzam Ahmed Y.; Badar Muhammad; Badiye Ashish D.; Badran Alaa Aboelnour; Bagheri Nasser; Baghizadeh Fereshteh; Bahreini Razieh; Bai Ruhai; Baig Atif Amin; Bains Lovenish; Bajpai Ram Chandra; Bakkannavar Shankar M.; Bala Auwal Adam; Balcha Wondu Feyisa; Balooch Hasankhani Mohammadreza; Bandyopadhyay Soham; Banik Rajon; Barac Aleksandra; Barati Shirin; Bardhan Mainak; Barker-Collo Suzanne Lyn; Barqawi Hiba Jawdat; Barrow Amadou; Basharat Zarrin; Bashir Shahid; Basiru Afisu; Baskaran Pritish; Bastan Mohammad-Mahdi; Batra Kavita; Bauckneht Matteo; Bayati Mohsen; Bayisa Feyisa Shasho; Beeraka Narasimha M.; Behnam Babak; Behnoush Amir Hossein; Behzadi Payam; Bejarano Ramirez Diana Fernanda; Belachew Sewunet admasu; Belge Bilgin Gokce; Belo Luis; Benzian Habib; Berhie Alemshet Yirga Yirga; Bermudez Amiel Nazer C.; Bhadoria Ajeet Singh; Bhagavathula Akshaya Srikanth; Bhakta Nickhill; Bhala Neeraj; Bharadwaj Ravi; Bhardwaj Nikha; Bhardwaj Pankaj; Bhardwaj Prarthna V.; Bhaskar Sonu; Bhat Ajay Nagesh; Bhat Vivek; Bhattacharjee Shuvarthi; Bhatti Gurjit Kaur; Bhatti Jasvinder Singh; Bhuiyan Mohiuddin Ahmed; Bhuyan Soumitra S.; Bievel-Radulescu Raluca; Bilgin Cem; Bisignano Catherine; Biswas Mohammad Shahangir; Biswas Monirujjaman; Bizzozero-Peroni Bruno; Bjørge Tone; Bodhare Trupti; Bolarinwa Obasanjo Afolabi; Boloor Archith; Borhany Hamed; Bosoka Samuel Adolf; Botero Carvajal Alejandro; Bouaoud Souad; Bozic Marija M.; Braithwaite Dejana; Brauer Michael; Brenner Hermann; Bui Linh Phuong; Burkart Katrin; Busch Felix; Bustamante-Teixeira Maria Teresa; Bustanji Yasser; Butt Nadeem Shafique; Butt Zahid A.; Cai Guangyao; Cámera Luis Alberto; Campos-Nonato Ismael; Cao Si; Cao Yubin; Capodici Angelo; Carreras Giulia; Carvalho Márcia; Castañeda-Orjuela Carlos A.; Catalá-López Ferrán; Cattaruzza Maria Sofia; Cegolon Luca; Cembranel Francieli; Cerin Ester; Cernigliaro Achille; Cerrai Sonia; Chakraborty Aditya; Chakraborty Chiranjib; Chakraborty Sandip; Chandika Rama Mohan; Chattu Vijay Kumar; Chaudhary Anis Ahmad; Chaudhuri Sirshendu; Chaurasia Akhilanand; Chemeda Galmesa Bekana; Chen Hana; Chen Kai; Chen Meng Xuan; Chichagi Fatemeh; Chimed-Ochir Odgerel; Ching Patrick R.; Chirinos-Caceres Jesus Lorenzo; Cho William C. S.; Choi Dong-Woo; Choi Sungchul; Chong Bryan; Chong Yuen Yu; Chopra Hitesh; Chopra Shivani; Chou Hou In; Choudhari Sonali Gajanan; Chu Dinh-Toi; Chukwu Isaac Sunday; Chung Eric; Chung Sunghyun; Cioffi Iolanda; Columbus Alyssa; Conde Joao; Costa Vera Marisa; Cruz-Martins Natalia; Dabo Bashir; Dadras Omid; Dai Xiaochen; Dandona Lalit; Dandona Rakhi; D'Anna Lucio; Danpanichkul Pojsakorn; Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani Reza; Darwesh Aso Mohammad; Das Saswati; Dash Nihar Ranjan; Dashti Mohsen; Dassah Cornelius; Davletov Dimash; De la Hoz Fernando Pio; Dean Frances E.; Dee Edward Christopher; Deekonda Sindhura; Delsoz Mohammad; Demeke Abel Desalegn; Denova-Gutiérrez Edgar; Desai Rupak; Desale Aragaw Tesfaw; Dessie Gashaw; Devegowda Devananda; Dewan Syed Masudur Rahman; Dhali Arkadeep; Dhane Amol S.; Dhimal Meghnath; Dhingra Sameer; Dhungel Bibha; Di Pumpo Marcello; Diaz Luis Antonio; Diaz Michael J.; Do Thao Huynh Phuong; Doaei Saeid; Dondi Francesco; Dorostkar Fariba; dos Santos Wendel Mombaque; Doshi Ojas Prakashbhai; Doshmangir Leila; Dosumu Taiwo Omotayo; Dowou Robert Kokou; Dresse Menayit Tamrat; Dube John; Duraisamy Senbagam; Durojaiye Oyewole Christopher; Dutta Sulagna; Dziedzic Arkadiusz Marian; E'Mar Abdel Rahman; Edinur Hisham Atan; Eftekhari Behrad; Eighaei Sedeh Ashkan; Ekholuenetale Michael; Ekundayo Temitope Cyrus; El Arab Rabie Adel; El Omri Abdelfatteh; El Sayed Iman; El Sayed Zaki Maysaa; Elahi Reza; Elemam Noha Mousaad; Elhadi Muhammed; El-Huneidi Waseem; Elkannishy Sherif; Elmehrath Ahmed O.; Elmoselhi Adel B.; Elsheikh Randa; El-Sherbiny Yasser Mohamed; Elsohaby Ibrahim; Eltahawy Abdelgawad Salah Abdelgawad; Eltahir Mohd Elmagzoub; Emdadul Haque Syed; Emeto Theophilus I.; Emran Talha Bin; Endeshaw Destaw; Eshrati Babak; Eslami Majid; Ezzikouri Sayeh; Fadavian Heidar; Fagbamigbe Adeniyi Francis; Fahim Ayesha; Fahimi Saman; Fahira Aamir; Fakhradiyev Ildar Ravisovich; Fakhri-Demeshghieh Aliasghar; Falzone Luca; Farahani Alireza; Farahmand Mohammad; Faraji Seyed Nooreddin; Faramarzpour Mahsa; Farashi Ebrahim; Farhana Zaki; Faris MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud; Faris Pawan Sirwan; Faro Andre; Farooque Umar; Farrokhpour Hossein; Fasanmi Abidemi Omolara; Fasihi Kiana; Fasusi Emmanuel Toluwani; Fattahi Hamed; Feizkhah Alireza; Fekadu Ginenus; Ferrante Daniela; Ferrara Pietro; Ferreira Nuno; Fetensa Getahun; Fischer Florian; Fisher James L.; Florin Bobirca Teodor; Folayan Olumuyiwa Shola; Fornari Arianna; Forouhari Ali; Foroutan Behzad; Fotouhi Maryam; Fukumoto Takeshi; Fukunaga Ami; Gadanya Muktar A.; Gajdács Márió; Gallus Silvano; Gamawa Adamu Usman; Gandhi Aravind P.; Gangachannaiah Shivaprakash; Gangireddy Mounika; Garlasco Jacopo; Gautam Rupesh K.; Gebre Feven Sahle; Gebregergis Miglas Welay; Gebrehiwot Mesfin; Gebremeskel Teferi Gebru; Gebreslassie Haftay Gebremedhin; Geremew Gebremariam Wulie; Getahun Genanew K.; Ghafarian Sadegh; Ghaffari Jolfayi Amir; Gharaibeh Lobna Faiz; Ghasrsaz Haniyeh; Ghassemi Fariba; Ghazy Ramy Mohamed; Gholamalizadeh Maryam; Gholizadeh Nasim; Ghotbi Elena; Giannakis Konstantinos; Gil Artyom Urievich; Gilani Syed Abdullah; Girmay Alem Abera; Girombelli Alessandro; Goel Amit; Goel Anil Kumar; Golechha Mahaveer; Golinelli Davide; Goodarzian MReza; Gorini Giuseppe; Gu Changhao; Guan Shi-Yang; Guarducci Giovanni; Gubari Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen; Guo Zheng; Guo Zhifeng; Gupta Bhawna; Gupta Sapna; Gutiérrez Reyna Alma; Guzman-Esquivel Jose; Habibzadeh Adrina; Habibzadeh Farrokh; Habibzadeh Parham; Hadaro Tesfahun Simon Simon; Hadi Najah R.; Haghmorad Dariush; Hai Nam Nguyen; Hailu Haimanot Ewnetu; Halil Hassen Mosa Mosa; Hamad Islam M.; Hamadeh Randah R.; Hamdy Nadia M.; Hameed Sajid; Hanifi Nasrin; Haque Ashanul; Haro Josep Maria; Hasaballah Ahmed I.; Hasan Md Kamrul; Hasan S. M. Mahmudul; Hasani Fatemeh; Hasani Hamidreza; Hasanzadeh Alireza; Hashi Abdiwahab; Hasnain Md Saquib; Hassan Ikrama Ibrahim; Hassan Treska S.; Hassan Zadeh Tabatabaei Mahgol Sadat; Haubold Johannes; Hay Simon I.; Hayat Khezar; He Guohua; He Qiang; He Wen-Qiang; Heibati Behzad; Heidari Mohammad; Herteliu Claudiu; Hesami Hamed; Heydari Majid; Heydari Mojtaba; Heydarifard Zahra; Heyi Demisu Zenbaba; Hezam Kamal; Hiraike Yuta; Hoang Mai; Holla Ramesh; Horita Nobuyuki; Hoseinzadeh Mehdi; Hosgood H. Dean; Hossain Alamgir; Hossain Md Mahbub; Hossain Md Sabbir; Hossain Mohammad Bellal; Hosseini Mohammad-Salar; Hosseinzadeh Adli Ahmad; Hostiuc Mihaela; Hsieh Vivian Chia-rong; Hu Chengxi; Hu Junjie; Huang Junjie; Hushmandi Kiavash; Hussain Javid; Hussain Salman; Hussein Dursa; Hussein Nawfal R.; Husseiny Mohamed Ibrahim; Huynh Hong-Han; Iavicoli Ivo; Ibitoye Segun Emmanuel; Ibrahim Reem; Ibrayeva Anel; Idalsoaga Francisco Javier; Iftikhar Pulwasha Maria; Ikiroma Adalia; Ilesanmi Olayinka Stephen; Ilic Irena M.; Ilic Milena D.; Ilyas Muhana Fawwazy; Ilyasu Salim; Imam Mohammad Tarique; Immurana Mustapha; Imoh Lucius Chidiebere; Iqbal Javed; Isa Mustafa Alhaji; Islam Md Rabiul; Ismail Faisal; Issa Ramzy; Iwagami Masao; Iwu Chidozie Declan; Iyer Mahalaxmi; Jacob Louis; Jadidi-Niaragh Farhad; Jafarzadeh Abdollah; Jahrami Haitham; Jain Ayushi; Jairoun Ammar Abdulrahman; Jaiswal Abhishek; Jakovljevic Mihajlo; Jaliliyan Ali; Jalilzadeh Yengejeh Reza; Jalloh Mohamed L.; Jamal Qazi Mohammad Sajid; Jamil Safayet; Javaid Syed Sarmad; Jawaid Talha; Jayarajah Umesh; Jayaram Shubha; Jayasinghe Ruwan Duminda; Jee Sun Ha; Jena Diptismita; Jin Shuai; Jin Wenyi; Jokar Mohammad; Jonas Jost B.; Joo Tamas; Jose Jobin; Joseph Abel; Joseph Nitin; Joshua Charity Ehimwenma; Joukar Farahnaz; Jürisson Mikk; Juweid Malik E.; Jyoti Anupam; Kaambwa Billingsley; Kabir Ali; Kabir Zubair; Kabiri Maryam; Kadir Dler Hussein; Kalan Ebbie; Kalankesh Leila R.; Kamal Mehnaz; Kamal Vineet Kumar; Kamarajah Sivesh Kathir; Kamireddy Arun; Kamorudeen Ramat T.; Kanaani Nejad Fatemeh; Kankam Samuel Berchi; Kanmodi Kehinde Kazeem; Kapoor Neeti; Karajizadeh Mehrdad; Karami Jafar; Karasneh Reema A.; Karch André; Karimi Aliasghar; Karimi Mohammad Amin; Karimzadhagh Sahand; Karpi ński Tomasz M.; Kashoo Faizan Zaffar; Kauppila Joonas H.; Kaur Navjot; Kausar Mohd Adnan; Kazemi Foad; Kebede Fekadu Abera; Keshwani Ariz; Kesse-Guyot Emmanuelle; Khader Yousef Saleh; Khajuria Himanshu; Khalid Asaad; Khalifa Hazim O.; Khalili Anita; Khalili Pantea; Khalilian Alireza; Khalili-Tanha Ghazaleh; khalis Mohamed; Khamesipour Faham; Khan Ajmal; Khan Faiz Ullah; Khan Gulfaraz; Khan Mohammad Jobair; Khan Moien A. B.; Khan Salman Ali; Khanmohammadi Shaghayegh; Khatatbeh Moawiah Mohammad; Khatib Mahalaqua Nazli; Khayamzadeh Maryam; Khayat Kashani Hamid Reza; Kheradmand Daniel; Khidri Feriha Fatima; Khosla Atulya Aman; Khosravi Mohammad Ali; Khubchandani Jagdish; Kim Kwanghyun; Kim Yun Jin; Kim Yun Seo; Kimokoti Ruth W.; Kisa Adnan; Kisa Sezer; Km Shivakumar; Kokkorakis Michail; Kolahi Ali-Asghar; Kompani Farzad; Kong Jianqiu; Konstas Anastasios Georgios; Kostev Karel; Kotnis Ashwin Laxmikant; Koulmane Laxminarayana Sindhura Lakshmi; Kretchy Irene Akwo; Krishan Kewal; Kuchay Raja Amir Hassan; Kuddus Mohammed; Kulimbet Mukhtar; Kumar Dewesh; Kumar G. Anil; Kumar Nithin; Kumar Vijay; Kundu Satyajit; Kunutsor Setor K.; Kushawaha Pramod Kumar; Kustanti Christina Yeni Yeni; Kutluk Tezer; Kuttikkattu Ambily; Kuttybayev Assylkhan; Kyei Grace Kwakyewaa; Kyei-Arthur Frank; Kyt ö Ville; La Vecchia Carlo; Ladan Muhammad Awwal; Lahariya Chandrakant; Lai Daphne Teck Ching; Lai Hanpeng; Lakanova Balzhan; Lal Dharmesh Kumar; Lám Judit; Lanfranchi Francesco; Lasrado Savita; Latif Mahrukh; Lauriola Paolo; Lawal Basira Kankia; Le Huu-Hoai; Le Minh Huu Nhat; Le Nhi Huu Hanh; Le Thao Thi Thu; Ledda Caterina; Lee Ivan; Lee Sang-woong; Lee Seung Won; Lee Shaun Wen Huey; Lee Wei-Chen; Legesse Awol Yemane; Leigh James; Leong Elvynna; Li Ming-Chieh; Li Wang-Zhong; Li Wei; Li Xiaopan; Li Yongze; Li Zhengrui; Li Zhihui; Lim Stephen S.; Lin Queran; Liu Chaojie; Liu Gang; Liu Jue; Liu Liu; Liu Xiaofeng; Liu Xuefeng; Llanaj Erand; Lubinda Jailos; Lutambi Angelina M.; Lytras Miltiadis D.; Lytvyak Ellina; M Amin Hawraz Ibrahim; Ma Zheng Feei; Maalman Raymond Saa-Eru; Madadizadeh Farzan; Madani Seyedeh Panid; Mafi Alireza; Maghazachi Azzam A.; Mahamed Abdulahi Abdiwali; Mahmood Nozad Hussein; Mahmoud Mansour Adam; Mahumud Rashidul Alam; Majeed Azeem; Makram Abdelrahman M.; Makram Omar M.; Makris Konstantinos Christos C.; Malasala Satyaveni; Maleki-Kakelar Hadi; Malhotra Kashish; Malik Ahmad Azam; Malik Iram; Malinga Lesibana Anthony; Malta Deborah Carvalho; Mansouri Vahid; Mansourian Marjan; Mansournia Mohammad Ali; Mantovani Lorenzo Giovanni; Mao Changkun; Marateb Hamid Reza; Marghani Basma Hamed; Marino Mirko; Martini Santi; Martorell Miquel; Marzo Roy Rillera; Marzouk Sammer; Mathangasinghe Yasith; Mathur Medha; Matozinhos Fernanda Penido; Matthew Indu Liz; McKee Martin; McPhail Steven M.; Mechili Enkeleint A.; Meena Jitendra Kumar; Meftah Elahe; Mehboob Riffat; Mehmood Asim; Mekene Meto Tesfahun; Meles Hadush Negash; Melese Addisu; Mendez-Lopez Max Alberto; Mendoza Walter; Menezes Ritesh G.; Menges Dominik; Mengesha Endalkachew Worku; Menon Tara P.; Mentis Alexios-Fotios A.; Meo Sultan Ayoub Ayoub; Meretoja Atte; Meretoja Tuomo J.; Mestrovic Tomislav; Metwally Mohamed M. M.; Miazgowski Tomasz; Michalek Irmina Maria; Miller Ted R.; Minervini Giuseppe; Mirghafourvand Mojgan; Misganaw Awoke; Misra Sanjeev; Mithra Prasanna; Mogessie Yidnek; Mohamadkhani Ashraf; Mohamed Jama; Mohamed Mona Gamal; Mohamed Nouh Saad; Mohammad Karzan Abdulmuhsin; Mohammad Taj; Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi Sakineh; Mohammadi Abdolreza; Mohammadi Mohammad Kazem; Mohammadi Seyed Omid; Mohammadian-Hafshejani Abdollah; Mohammadzadeh Ibrahim; Mohammadzadeh Zeinab; Mohammed Al-Kassim Hassan; Mohammed Mustapha; Mohammed Shafiu; Mohsenzadeh Amin; Mokdad Ali H.; Molavi Vardanjani Hossein; Molinaro Sabrina; Momani Shaher; Monasta Lorenzo; Moni Mohammad Ali; Moradi Yousef; Moraga Paula; Morrison Shane Douglas; Morsy Mahmoud M.; Mossialos Elias; Motaharinezhad Fatemeh; Motappa Rohith; Mozahheb Yousefi Kimia; Msherghi Ahmed; Mubarak Rabia; Mubarik Sumaira; Mukoro George Duke; Mulita Admir; Munjal Kavita; Murillo-Zamora Efren; Mushtaq Ali; Mushtaq Saima; Mustafa Sherzad Ibrahim; Muthupandian Saravanan; Myung Woojae; Nabavi Amin; Nagarajan Ahamarshan Jayaraman; Nagel Gabriele; Naghavi Pirouz; Naik Gurudatta; Naimzada Mukhammad David; Nainu Firzan; Nair Tapas Sadasivan; Najmuldeen Hastyar Hama Rashid; Nam Hae Sung; Nargus Shumaila; Nartey Yvonne; Nashwan Abdulqadir J.; Nassar Mahmoud; Natto Zuhair S.; Nauman Javaid; Nawsherwan; Nayak Biswa Prakash; Nayon Md Fahad Shahariar; Nazri-Panjaki Athare; Ndishimye Pacifique; Nega Amanuel Tebabal; Negahdary Masoud; Negoi Ionut; Nejjari Chakib; Nekouei Omid; Nepal Gaurav; Netsere Henok Biresaw; Ngabonziza Jean Claude Semuto Semuto; Nguyen Cuong Tat; Nguyen Dang; Nguyen Kieu Viet Nhi; Nguyen Nhan; Nguyen The Phuong; Nguyen Tuan Thanh; Nguyen Van Thanh; Niazi Robina Khan; Nieddu Luciano; Nikravangolsefid Nasrin; Niranjan Vikram; Niyonsenga Jean Marie Vianney; Nnaji Chukwudi A.; Nnyanzi Lawrence Achilles; Nomura Shuhei; Noor Nurulamin M.; Noor Syed Toukir Ahmed; Noorafrooz Mohammadamin; Noroozi Masoud; Nri-Ezedi Chisom Adaobi; Nugen Fred; Nurrika Dieta; Nzoputam Chimezie Igwegbe; Nzoputam Ogochukwu Janet; Oancea Bogdan; Obakachi Vincent Adeiza; Odetokun Ismail A.; Oduro Michael Safo; Oguta James Odhiambo; Oh In-Hwan; Okati-Aliabad Hassan; Okeke Sylvester Reuben; Okekunle Akinkunmi Paul; Okonji Osaretin Christabel; Olagunju Andrew T.; Olanrewaju Timothy Olusegun Olusegun; Olatubi Matthew Idowu; Omage Folorunsho Bright; Omar Hany A.; Omer Goran Latif; Omonisi Abidemi E.; Ong Sok King; Onwujekwe Obinna E.; Opitz Marcel; Ordak Michal; Orish Verner N.; Orscelik Atakan; Ortiz-Prado Esteban; Osborne Augustus; Osman Alaa A. 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Issue
Periodical: The Lancet - Volume: 406 - Number: 10512
