Wine Information Council
march 2026
Print

Oestrogen changes at menopause: insights into obesity-associated breast risk and outcomes

Many diseases, including breast cancer, increase in women after menopause and with obesity. This Review addresses novel insights that link obesity, oestrogens, inflammation and breast cancer. Adipose tissue is chronically inflamed in obesity owing to pre-adipocyte expansion and activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), which upregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines. Obesity also impairs immunosurveillance. Emerging data indicate that the major oestrogens before and after menopause have opposing effects on inflammation. In contrast to the anti-inflammatory properties of premenopausal 17beta-oestradiol, the dominant postmenopausal oestrogen, oestrone, is pro-inflammatory. Oestrone is synthesized in adipocytes, therefore the expanded adipose tissue biomass in obesity increases oestrone levels in both men and women, promoting NF-kappaB-driven inflammation. These pro-inflammatory effects of oestrone are also oncogenic, promoting breast cancer progression in laboratory models. The dominance of oestrone and loss of 17beta-oestradiol might underlie the increased prevalence of hormone-responsive breast cancer after menopause, particularly in the context of obesity. Although oestrogens account for much of the excess breast cancer risk with obesity, data on 17beta-oestradiol and oestrone levels in the breast and circulation in postmenopausal women, whether or not obesity is present, are limited. Weight loss is associated with reduced breast cancer risk and improved outcomes. The opportunity to use potent weight loss drugs as adjuncts to cancer therapy is discussed.

Additional Info

  • Authors

    Sho M.; Qureshi R.; Slingerland J.

  • Issue

    Periodical: Nat Rev Endocrinol - Volume: 22 - Number: 3 - Edition: 20251202

  • Published Date

    march 2026

Related items